A=432 Hz Concert Pitch — Note Frequencies

About A=432 Hz

A=432 Hz is an alternative concert pitch with no historical standardization body behind it. It sits approximately 31.77 cents below A=440 Hz — nearly a third of a semitone flatter. Some musicians and ensembles choose A=432 for aesthetic or personal reasons, citing a perceived warmth or resonance compared to A=440.

There is no documented historical period when A=432 Hz was a dominant standard, though some 19th-century Italian opera references are cited by proponents. The frequency is used in some independent recordings, alternative music communities, and by individual ensembles who prefer its character.

When performing at A=432 Hz, all notes shift proportionally below their A=440 values. Instruments with fixed pitch (piano, organ, harp) must be retuned to this reference. Wind players and string players can adjust intonation to match, though ensemble consistency requires all players to calibrate to the same reference.

Chromatic Note Frequencies at A=432 Hz

All 12 chromatic notes in equal temperament, calculated at A=432 Hz reference pitch across octaves 3, 4, and 5. Hz values are rounded to 3 decimal places.

Frequencies computed from f = 432 × 2^{(MIDI − 69) / 12} where A4 MIDI = 69. The highlighted row is A, the concert pitch reference note at this standard.

Other Concert Pitch Standards

• A=440 Hz — ISO Standard (1939)
• A=442 Hz — European Orchestral
• A=443 Hz — High European / Asian Orchestral
• A=415 Hz — Baroque Pitch (HIP)

Related Reference Pages

• A4 note page — full temperament frequency data
• Note frequency hub — all 153 notes
• Concert pitch hub — compare all 5 standards